Subclinical ( asymptomatic) infections with Variola virus were noted but were not common. Variola minor is a less common presentation, causing less severe disease, typically discrete smallpox, with historical death rates of 1% or less. Variola major is the severe and most common form, with a more extensive rash and higher fever. There are two forms of the smallpox virus. Ĭlassification Case fatality rate (CFR) and frequency of smallpox by type and vaccination status according to Rao case study Type of disease Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague. The term "smallpox" was first used in Britain in the early 16th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis, which was then known as the "great pox".
Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being rinderpest in 2011. In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease. In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the modern smallpox vaccine. Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century. Inoculation for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s. As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year. Earlier deaths included six European monarchs. Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence. In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated that 400,000 people died from the disease per year, and that one-third of all cases of blindness were due to smallpox. The disease historically occurred in outbreaks. The origin of smallpox is unknown however, the earliest evidence of the disease dates to the 3rd century BCE in Egyptian mummies. Often, those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind. The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Once the disease had developed, certain antiviral medication may have helped. Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine. The disease was spread between people or via contaminated objects. The bumps then scabbed over and fell off, leaving scars. Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled blisters with a dent in the center.
This was followed by formation of ulcers in the mouth and a skin rash. The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making it the only human disease to be eradicated. The agent of variola virus (VARV) belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. Variola major, Variola minor (spread between people) īased on symptoms and confirmed by PCR Ĭhickenpox, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, monkeypox
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